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Source - The American Carbon Society: ACS Omni Books Online

Abstract:

The discovery of new, all-carbon molecules known as fullerenes was the unexpected result of research into particles found in space. Scientists in different fields collaborated on the research that led to this discovery. No one set out to discover fullerenes—they were observed by scientists alert enough to realize they were seeing something new. Today, fullerenes are at the heart of nanotechnology—the study of extremely small structures and devices on the atomic scale. This field provides many exciting new research possibilities for scientists. 

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Source: ACS Chemistry for Life - ​www.acs.org

Abstract:

​A study was made of the possibility of producing composites based on natural ‘Kvaliteks’ latex that are filled (20–30 parts) with shungite (‘Karelit’). The possibility of producing such composites had been shown earlier for the natural latex ‘Revultex’ containing a vulcanising group. Therefore, all the composites investigated in the present work contained a vulcanising group (sulphur, ethyl zimate, zinc oxide), and vulcanisation was carried out at a temperature of 125°C. Into the latex was introduced an aqueous dispersion of ‘Karelit’ with dispersing agent NF. The filler content was the same as in the formulation for gloves resistant to aggressive media. The mechanical properties of films of these composites were on a par with or even slightly superior to those for the standard composites, while the acid and alkali resistances were far higher. Acid- and alkali-resistant gloves manufactured from ‘Kvaliteks’ latex filled with ‘Karelit’ shungite satisfy the specifications fully and are considerably superior to standard gloves in terms of resistance to aggressive media in long-term tests.

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Source - Sage Journals - ​https://journals.sagepub.com/

Abstract:

The X-band EPR and magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 4.2–300 K study of the shungite-I, natural nanostructured material from the deposit of Shunga are reported. Obtained results allow us to assign the EPR signal to conduction electrons, estimate their number, N P, and evaluate the Pauli paramagnetism contribution to shungite susceptibility. A small occupation (~5%) of the localized nonbonding π states in the zigzag edges of the open-ended graphene-like layers and/or on σ (sp 2+x ) orbitals in the curved parts of the shungite globules has been also revealed. The observed temperature dependence of the EPR linewidth can be explained by the earlier considered interaction of conduction π electrons with local phonon modes associated with the vibration of peripheral carbon atoms of the open zigzag-type edges and with peripheral carbon atoms cross-linking different nanostructures. The relaxation time T 2 and diffusion time T D are found to have comparable values (2.84 × 10−8 and 1.73 × 10−8 s at 5.2 K, respectively), and similar dependence on temperature. The magnetic measurements have revealed the suppression of orbital diamagnetism due to small amount of large enough fragments of the graphene layers.

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Source: Kazan National Research Technological University

Abstract:

As fullerene-based compound applications have been rapidly increasing in the health industry, the need of biomedical research is urgently in demand. While shungite is regarded as a natural source of fullerene, it remains poorly documented. Here, we explored the in vivo effects of shungite against ultraviolet B- (UVB-) induced skin damage by investigating the physiological skin parameters, immune-redox profiling, and oxidative stress molecular signaling. Toward this, mice were UVB-irradiated with 0.75 mW/cm2 for two consecutive days. Consecutively, shungite was topically applied on the dorsal side of the mice for 7 days. First, we found significant improvements in the skin parameters of the shungite-treated groups revealed by the reduction in roughness, pigmentation, and wrinkle measurement. Second, the immunokine profiling in mouse serum and skin lysates showed a reduction in the proinflammatory response in the shungite-treated groups. Accordingly, the redox profile of shungite-treated groups showed counterbalance of ROS/RNS and superoxide levels in serum and skin lysates. Last, we have confirmed the involvement of Nrf2- and MAPK-mediated oxidative stress pathways in the antioxidant mechanism of shungite. Collectively, the results clearly show that shungite has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action against UVB-induced skin damage in hairless mice.

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Source: Hindawi Research Publisher

Abstract:

We studied the composition and structural properties of amorphous, uncrystallized, fullerene analogous carbon containing natural mineral shungite from Zazhoginskoe deposit in Karelia (Russian Federation) and microporous crystalline aluminosilicate mineral zeolite (Most, Bulgaria). There are submitted data about the nanostructure, obtained with using of transmission electron microscopy (TEM-method), IR-spectroscopy (NES and DNES-method), as well as composition and physical chemical properties of these minerals. The average energy (?EH... O) of hydrogen ?…O-bonds among individual molecules H2O after treatment of shungite and zeolite with water is measured at -0.1137 eV for shungite and -0.1174 eV for zeolite. The calculation of ?EH... O for shungite with using DNES method compiles 0.0025±0.0011 eV and for zeolite -1.2±0.0011 eV. This result suggests the restructuring of ?EH... O values among H2O molecules with a statistically reliable increase of local maximums in DNES-spectra. Also are demonstrated the prospects of using shungite, possessing high absorption, catalytic and bactericidal activity, as an adsorbent in water-treatment, water purification, and other industries.

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Source: iiste.org

Abstract:

​This paper presents the results of investigations of the electrical conductive properties with a nanoscale locality at nanoampere currents and the results of an analysis of the correlation between the electrical conductivity and structural features of natural glassy carbon, i.e., shungite. The investigations have been performed using atomic force microscopy, electric force spectroscopy, scanning spreading resistance microscopy, X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. It has been found that there are differences in electrical conductive properties of the structurally similar shungite samples formed under different PT conditions. Based on the analysis of the structural parameters and specific features of the shungite compositions, it has been shown that the effect of intercalation of impurities into boundary layers of graphene sheets has the most significant influence on the electrical and physical properties of the shungites. The differences in types and values of conductivity of the shungite samples are determined by the different degrees of intercalation.

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Source: Springer Link Research Archive

Abstract:

The effect of ferromagnetic impurities in electromagnetic based shungite absorbers is studied. The presence of the particles magnetic powder in composite structure influences on attenuation and reflection characteristics of shielding material has been established. It is found that exact quantity of magnetic inclusions in relation to the shungite powder are principal for reflection coefficient and has effect on electromagnetic radiation attenuation. The compound with powders of shungite and nickel-zinc ferrite in different percentages has investigated. The dependence of the shielding characteristics of the composite is shown. The use of these composite materials for creation of electromagnetic shielding constructions are considered.

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Source - IEEE Xplore Digital Library - ​https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

Abstract:

The structure of Karelian shungite was studied using petrographic-mineralogical, X-ray diffraction, and electron-microscopic analysis, and the physicochemical properties of the shungite as a carbon mineral raw material for metallurgical processes were characterized.

Karelian shungite is a carbon mineral with unique properties. This fact is responsible for searching various areas of its application, in particular, to metallurgical processes. The structure of shungite, the ratio between mineral and carbon phases, and the degree of ordering of carbonaceous matter are mainly responsible for its physicochemical properties and, correspondingly, the areas of its application. Thus, it is of considerable scientific and practical interest to study the structure of shungite. Type III Karelian shungite with a carbon content of 20–40% has been studied as the most likely raw material for the electrothermal processes of silicon ferroalloy production. Petrographic-mineralogical, X-ray diffraction, and thermal methods of analysis were used to study the structure of shungite in more detail. Transparent and polished sections, crushed material samples, and shungite ashing products were studied in order to determine the amount and distribution of mineral inclusions in shungite.

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Source: Springer Link Research Archive

Abstract:
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Ever since their experimental discovery in 1985, fullerenes have attracted considerable attention in different fields of sciences. Investigations of chemical, physical and biological properties of fullerenes have yielded promising information. Their unique carbon cage structure coupled with immense scope for derivatization makes fullerenes a potential therapeutic agent. Henceforth various potential therapeutic applications of fullerenes have been reviewed in the present paper. These include anti HIV- protease activity, photodynamic DNA cleavage, free radical scavenger, antimicrobial action and use of fullerenes as diagnostic agents.

Carbon, the common element in organic compounds, is known to exist in two allotropic forms, viz, diamond and graphite. In 1985, a third form of carbon called fullerenes was discovered. The group of scientists led by Smalley, Kroto and Curl attempted to simulate the conditions under which carbon nucleates in the atmosphere of red giant stars. In the experiment, a surface of solid graphite was vaporized by irradiation with the laser into plasma containing atoms and free ions. The free atoms and ions were chilled down due to the collision with the helium atoms. Through the collision, clusters containing various numbers of carbon atoms were formed. The clusters were examined in a mass spectrometer, and it was found that clusters that had 60 and 70 carbon atoms dominated, and that most clusters had 60 carbon atoms. In the beginning, the scientists had problem in producing sufficient amount of fullerenes. They had succeeded to prepare only less than 10-15g. But after 5 years, Kratschmer and Huffmann, and then Kroto et al developed new high yielding preparative methods for fullerenes.

These scientists named the newly found molecule after the architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, who created the dome in 1967 with the same shape as the carbon cluster. Fullerenes generated so much interest and excitement among research scientists that the three scientists who discovered fullerenes received Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. Fullerenes were later found to exist naturally in interstellar dust as well as in geological formations on Earth, though only in the ppm-range. Some of these places are Shunga/Russia, New Zealand and Sudbury/ Canada.

Structure and Properties Fullerenes are large carbon cage molecules considered to be three-dimensional analogues of benzene. The most abundant form of fullerenes is Buckminster fullerene (C60) with 60 carbon atoms arranged in a spherical structure. The shape of the molecule, known as truncated icosahedron, resembles that of a soccer ball, which contains 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. Fullerenes fulfill the EULER’s theorem, i.e., if a polyeder is to build a closed structure from pentagons and hexagons; it has to contain exact 12 pentagons. Following this rule, the smallest stable fullerene is C60, which has no two pentagons side by side, making it the most stable structure.

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Source: India Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Abstract:
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Ion exchange and sorption on shungite are studied. The results demonstrate that this mineral is capable of sorbing both inorganic cations and anions. Cation exchange predominates in alkaline solutions, and anion exchange, in acidified solutions. Organic acids are sorbed substantially better; the sorption of aromatic acids by shungite is selective.

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Source: Springer Link Research Archive

Abstract:

Occurrences of 2.0 Ga, mature organic material from the Lake Onega area, NW Russia, constitute one of the most remarkable accumulations of organic carbon from the Palaeoproterozoic. The deposit occurs in a 1000-m sedimentary-volcanic succession developed over an area of 9000 km2 with an estimated total carbon reserve exceeding 25×1010 tonnes. The organic material occurs in the form of the mineraloid, shungite, which is a black, non-crystalline, semi-metallic material that contains >98 wt.% C.

The shungite-bearing rocks were accumulated within a volcanic continental rift setting, in a non-euxinic, brackish-water, lagoonal environment developed on the rifted margin of the Archaean craton. The occurrences of shungite-bearing rocks represent a combination of a petrified oil field, petrified organosiliceous diapirs and oil spills. These are exemplified by three types of deposit: (i) in situ stratified, (ii) migrated diapirs and (iii) redeposited clastic. In situ stratified deposits are composed of metamorphosed oil shales (<50 wt.% C), rocks containing autochthonous kerogen residue and allochthonous organic matter (50–75 wt.% C) and migrated bitumen, originally liquid hydrocarbons (>80 wt.% C). Diapiric deposits form non-stratified, cupolas or mushroom-shaped bodies composed of shungite containing 35–75 wt.% SiO2 and 20–55 wt.% C. These are considered to represent organosiliceous rocks, originally gels or mud. The shungite rocks show abundant shrinkage cracks, cryptic fluidal textures and brecciation caused by multiple fluidisation processes. The current data are consistent with either diapiric or mud-volcanic origins. Occurrences of clastic shungite are hosted by lacustrine volcanoclastic greywackes deposited from turbiditic flows. Shungite occurs in rocks as <1 mm to 20 cm clasts of lustrous shungite that probably represent redeposited, oxidised oil derived from oil spills.
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Shungite has a heterogeneous molecular structure in which carbon occurs as 10 nm globules irregularly distributed within carbon showing no structure. The unusual physicochemical and structural properties of shungite are used in diverse industrial and environmental applications including metallurgy, water purification, thermolysis and organosynthesis of cyclic hydrocarbons. Shungite is an effective sorbent for removal of organic and inorganic substances, pathogenic bacteria and heavy metals from contaminated water.

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Source: Science Direct

Abstract:

Fullerenes (C60 and C70) in the Sudbury impact structure contain trapped helium with a 3He/4He ratio of 5.5 × 10−4 to 5.9 × 10−4. The 3He/4He ratio exceeds the accepted solar wind value by 20 to 30 percent and is higher by an order of magnitude than the maximum reported mantle value. Terrestrial nuclear reactions or cosmic-ray bombardment are not sufficient to generate such a high ratio. The 3He/4He ratios in the Sudbury fullerenes are similar to those found in meteorites and in some interplanetary dust particles. The implication is that the helium within the C60 molecules at Sudbury is of extraterrestrial origin.

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Source: Microsoft Academic